American Assoc Advancement of Science Proj 2061 Science8E (6-8)
#3 Computer control of mechanical systems can be much quicker than human control. In situations where events happen faster than people can react, there is little choice but to rely on computers. Most complex systems still require human oversight, however, to make certain kinds of judgments about the readiness of the parts of the system (including the computers) and the system as a whole to operate properly, to react to unexpected failures, and to evaluate how well the system is serving its intended purposes. (Grades 6 - 8) [1993]1B (6-8)
#1 Scientists differ greatly in what phenomena they study and how they go about their work. Although there is no fixed set of steps that all scientists follow, scientific investigations usually involve the collection of relevant evidence, the use of logical reasoning, and the application of imagination in devising hypotheses and explanations to make sense of the collected evidence. (Grades 6 - 8) [1993]11C (9-12)
#4 Graphs and equations are useful (and often equivalent) ways for depicting and analyzing patterns of change. (Grades 9 - 12) [1993]2B (9-12)
#1 Mathematical modeling aids in technological design by simulating how a proposed system would theoretically behave. (Grades 9 - 12) [1993]8A (3-5)
#4 Modern technology has increased the efficiency of agriculture so that fewer people are needed to work on farms than ever before. (Grades 3 - 5) [1993]8C (6-8)
#4 Electrical energy can be produced from a variety of energy sources and can be transformed into almost any other form of energy. Moreover, electricity is used to distribute energy quickly and conveniently to distant locations. (Grades 6 - 8) [1993]4E (6-8)
#1 Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only changed from one form into another. (Grades 6 - 8) [1993]5E (6-8)
#3 Energy can change from one form to another in living things. Animals get energy from oxidizing their food, releasing some of its energy as heat. Almost all food energy comes originally from sunlight. (Grades 6 - 8) [1993]8F (9-12)
#7 Biotechnology has contributed to health improvement in many ways, but its cost and application have led to a variety of controversial social and ethical issues. (Grades 9 - 12) [1993]2A (9-12)
#3 Theories and applications in mathematical work influence each other. Sometimes a practical problem leads to the development of new mathematical theories; often mathematics developed for its own sake turns out to have practical applications. (Grades 9 - 12) [1993]3C (3-5)
#2 Any invention is likely to lead to other inventions. Once an invention exists, people are likely to think up ways of using it that were never imagined at first. (Grades 3 - 5) [1993]8A (3-5)
#3 Heating, salting, smoking, drying, cooling, and airtight packaging are ways to slow down the spoiling of food by microscopic organisms. These methods make it possible for food to be stored for long intervals before being used. (Grades 3 - 5) [1993]3C (3-5)
#4 Scientific laws, engineering principles, properties of materials, and construction techniques must be taken into account in designing engineering solutions to problems. Other factors, such as cost, safety, appearance, environmental impact, and what will happen if the solution fails also must be considered. (Grades 3 - 5) [1993]7C (3-5)
#2 Rules and laws can sometimes be changed by getting most of the people they affect to agree to change them. (Grades 3 - 5) [1993]12C (3-5)
#4 Use calculators to determine area and volume from linear dimensions, aggregate amounts of area, volume, weight, time, and cost, and find the difference between two quantities of anything. (Grades 3 - 5) [1993]12B (3-5)
#3 Judge whether measurements and computations of quantities such as length, area, volume, weight, or time are reasonable in a familiar context by comparing them to typical values. (Grades 3 - 5) [1993]4F (3-5)
#1 Changes in speed or direction of motion are caused by forces. The greater the force is, the greater the change in motion will be. The more massive an object is, the less effect a given force will have. (Grades 3 - 5) [1993]7G (6-8)
#2 The major ways to promote economic health are to encourage technological development, to increase the quantity or quality of a nation's productive resources-more or better-trained workers, better equipment and methods-and to engage in trade with other nations. (Grades 6 - 8) [1993]9A (6-8)
#1 There have been systems for writing numbers other than the Arabic system of place values based on tens. The very old Roman numerals are now used only for dates, clock faces, or ordering chapters in a book. Numbers based on 60 are still used for describing time and angles. (Grades 6 - 8) [1993]1C (6-8)
#6 Computers have become invaluable in science because they speed up and extend people's ability to collect, store, compile, and analyze data, prepare research reports, and share data and ideas with investigators all over the world. (Grades 6 - 8) [1993]9D (6-8)
#5 The larger a well-chosen sample is, the more accurately it is likely to represent the whole. But there are many ways of choosing a sample that can make it unrepresentative of the whole. (Grades 6 - 8) [1993]9A (6-8)
#3 Numbers can be written in different forms, depending on how they are being used. How fractions or decimals based on measured quantities should be written depends on how precise the measurements are and how precise an answer is needed. (Grades 6 - 8) [1993]6E (6-8)
#1 The amount of food energy (calories) a person requires varies with body weight, age, sex, activity level, and natural body efficiency. Regular exercise is important to maintain a healthy heart/lung system, good muscle tone, and bone strength. (Grades 6 - 8) [1993]3B (6-8)
#4 Systems fail because they have faulty or poorly matched parts, are used in ways that exceed what was intended by the design, or were poorly designed to begin with. The most common ways to prevent failure are pretesting parts and procedures, overdesign, and redundancy. (Grades 6 - 8) [1993]8C (6-8)
#2 Different ways of obtaining, transforming, and distributing energy have different environmental consequences. (Grades 6 - 8) [1993]4F (6-8)
#3 An unbalanced force acting on an object changes its speed or direction of motion, or both. If the force acts toward a single center, the object's path may curve into an orbit around the center. (Grades 6 - 8) [1993]3C (6-8)
#3 Throughout history, people have carried out impressive technological feats, some of which would be hard to duplicate today even with modern tools. The purposes served by these achievements have sometimes been practical, sometimes ceremonial. (Grades 6 - 8) [1993]8C (6-8)
#1 Energy can change from one form to another, although in the process some energy is always converted to heat. Some systems transform energy with less loss of heat than others. (Grades 6 - 8) [1993]11C (6-8)
#4 Symbolic equations can be used to summarize how the quantity of something changes over time or in response to other changes. (Grades 6 - 8) [1993]6B (6-8)
#1 Fertilization occurs when sperm cells from a male's testes are deposited near an egg cell from the female ovary, and one of the sperm cells enters the egg cell. Most of the time, by chance or design, a sperm never arrives or an egg isn't available. (Grades 6 - 8) [1993]8C (6-8)
#3 In many instances, manufacturing and other technological activities are performed at a site close to an energy source. Some forms of energy are transported easily, others are not. (Grades 6 - 8) [1993]4E (6-8)
#2 Most of what goes on in the universe from exploding stars and biological growth to the operation of machines and the motion of peopleÌÔinvolves some form of energy being transformed into another. Energy in the form of heat is almost always one of the products of an energy transformation. (Grades 6 - 8) [1993]9A (6-8)
#2 A number line can be extended on the other side of zero to represent negative numbers. Negative numbers allow subtraction of a bigger number from a smaller number to make sense, and are often used when something can be measured on either side of some reference point (time, ground level, temperature, budget). (Grades 6 - 8) [1993]8F (9-12)
#2 Almost all body substances and functions have daily or longer cycles. These cycles often need to be taken into account in interpreting normal ranges for body measurements, detecting disease, and planning treatment of illness. Computers aid in detecting, analyzing, and monitoring these cycles. (Grades 9 - 12) [1993]4E (9-12)
#1 Whenever the amount of energy in one place or form diminishes, the amount in other places or forms increases by the same amount. (Grades 9 - 12) [1993]7C (9-12)
#4 To various degrees, governments try to bring about change or to impede it through policies, laws, incentives, or direct coercion. Sometimes such efforts achieve their intended results and sometimes they do not. (Grades 9 - 12) [1993]11C (9-12)
#7 Most systems above the molecular level involve so many parts and forces and are so sensitive to tiny differences in conditions that their precise behavior is unpredictable, even if all the rules for change are known. Predictable or not, the precise future of a system is not completely determined by its present state and circumstances but also depends on the fundamentally uncertain outcomes of events on the atomic scale. (Grades 9 - 12) [1993]3C (9-12)
#4 The human species has a major impact on other species in many ways: reducing the amount of the earth's surface available to those other species, interfering with their food sources, changing the temperature and chemical composition of their habitats, introducing foreign species into their ecosystems, and altering organisms directly through selective breeding and genetic engineering. (Grades 9 - 12) [1993]11D (9-12)
#3 As the number of parts of a system increases, the number of possible interactions between pairs of parts increases much more rapidly. (Grades 9 - 12) [1993]D. Extending Time (Grades 9 - 12) [1993]11C (9-12)
#6 In evolutionary change, the present arises from the materials and forms of the past, more or less gradually, and in ways that can be explained. (Grades 9 - 12) [1993]10A (9-12)
#4 Johannes Kepler, a German astronomer who lived at about the same time as Galileo, showed mathematically that Copernicus' idea of a sun-centered system worked well if uniform circular motion was replaced with uneven (but predictable) motion along off-center ellipses. (Grades 9 - 12) [1993]8B (9-12)
#1 Manufacturing processes have been changed by improved tools and techniques based on more thorough scientific understanding, increases in the forces that can be applied and the temperatures that can be reached, and the availability of electronic controls that make operations occur more rapidly and consistently. (Grades 9 - 12) [1993]10J (9-12)
#2 The Industrial Revolution increased the productivity of each worker but it also increased child labor and unhealthy working conditions, and it gradually destroyed the craft tradition. The economic imbalances of the Industrial Revolution led to a growing conflict between factory owners and workers and contributed to the main political ideologies of the 20th century. (Grades 9 - 12) [1993]10A (9-12)
#6 Writing in Italian rather than in Latin (the language of scholars at the time), Galileo presented arguments for and against the two main views of the universe in a way that favored the newer view. That brought the issue to the educated people of the time and created political, religious, and scientific controversy. (Grades 9 - 12) [1993]4E (9-12)
#4 Different energy levels are associated with different configurations of atoms and molecules. Some changes of configuration require an input of energy whereas others release energy. (Grades 9 - 12) [1993]4F (9-12)
#1 The change in motion of an object is proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the mass. (Grades 9 - 12) [1993]7A (9-12)
#2 The ways that unacceptable social behavior is punished depend partly on beliefs about the purposes of punishment and about its effectiveness. Effectiveness is difficult to test scientifically because circumstances vary greatly and because legal and ethical barriers interfere. (Grades 9 - 12) [1993]6E (9-12)
#4 Some viral diseases, such as AIDS, destroy critical cells of the immune system, leaving the body unable to deal with multiple infection agents and cancerous cells. (Grades 9 - 12) [1993]11A (9-12)
#1 A system usually has some properties that are different from those of its parts, but appear because of the interaction of those parts. (Grades 9 - 12) [1993]
