What are Tectonic Plates?
There are a few handfuls of major plates and dozens of smaller, or minor, plates. Six of the majors are named for the continents embedded within them, such as the North American, African, and Antarctic plates. Though smaller in size, the minors are no less important when it comes to shaping the Earth. The tiny Juan de Fuca plate is largely responsible for the volcanoes that dot the Pacific Northwest of the United States.
The plates make up Earth's outer shell, called the lithosphere. (This includes the crust and uppermost part of the mantle.) Churning currents in the molten rocks below propel them along like a jumble of conveyor belts in disrepair. Most geologic activity stems from the interplay where the plates meet or divide.
The movement of the plates creates three types of tectonic boundaries: convergent, where plates move into one another; divergent, where plates move apart; and transform, where plates move sideways in relation to each other.
Convergent Boundaries
Where plates serving landmasses collide, the crust crumples and buckles into mountain ranges. India and Asia crashed about 55 million years ago, slowly giving rise to the Himalaya, the highest mountain system on Earth. As the mash-up continues, the mountains get higher. Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth, may be a tiny bit taller tomorrow than it is today.
These convergent boundaries also occur where a plate of ocean dives, in a process called subduction, under a landmass. As the overlying plate lifts up, it also forms mountain ranges. In addition, the diving plate melts and is often spewed out in volcanic eruptions such as those that formed some of the mountains in the Andes of South America.
At ocean-ocean convergences, one plate usually dives beneath the other, forming deep trencheslike the Mariana Trench in the North Pacific Ocean, the deepest point on Earth. These types of collisions can also lead to underwater volcanoes that eventually build up into island arcs like Japan.
Divergent Boundaries
At divergent boundaries in the oceans, magma from deep in the Earth's mantle rises toward the surface and pushes apart two or more plates. Mountains and volcanoes rise along the seam. The process renews the ocean floor and widens the giant basins. A single mid-ocean ridge system connects the world's oceans, making the ridge the longest mountain range in the world.
On land, giant troughs such as the Great Rift Valley in Africa form where plates are tugged apart. If the plates there continue to diverge, millions of years from now eastern Africa will split from the continent to form a new landmass. A mid-ocean ridge would then mark the boundary between the plates.
Transform Boundaries
The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a transform boundary, where two plates grind past each other along what are called strike-slip faults. These boundaries don't produce spectacular features like mountains or oceans, but the halting motion often triggers large earthquakes, such as the 1906 one that devastated San Francisco.
Understanding Plate Motions: http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html
Before the Engineering Activity
- Gather materials and set up a testing station(s). You can have students bring in materials from home as part of a homework assignment.
- Make copies of the Earthquake Building Design Log, one each per team.
Comments
Documents provided for you to
Documents provided for you to modify based on students' readiness levels. Thanks for all your support!
Plotting Earthquakes
After conducting this lesson, I realized that it would have been beneficial to spend time reviewing map skills. Students had a difficult time remembering how to plot latitude and longitude coordinates. I feel that we focused more on the plotting of the coordinates than on the analysis of the data.
Plotting and Assessing Earthquakes
I agree with the need to review map skills. Overall, I find this assessment to be an excellent tool to practice for the state exams, especially in the analysis portion.
Earthquakes are typically
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